When Penang Was an Axis Submarine Base
By Eugene Quah
December 2023 LEST WE FORGETSubscribe to our e-archive to read our older articles.
References
- [1] Dennis Gunton (1970). “The Penang Submarines.”
- [2] Deutsches U-Boot-Museum (2023). “U 511 und die Fahrten von deutschen und japanischen U-Booten zwischen Europa und Fernost.” Accessed on October 27, 2023. https://dubm.de/fahrt-nachfernost/
- [3] Deutsches U-Boot-Museum (2023). “U 511, U 1063 und die Pläne für U-Boote mit seegestützten Raketen.” Accessed on October 27, 2023. https://dubm.de/wunderwaffen/
- [4] Goh Keng Loon (2001). “German Base in Penang and the Wreck.” Discussion thread. Accessed on October 28, 2023. https://uboat.net/forums/read.php?3,11235,11254
- [5] Horst H. Geerken (2015). “Hitlers Griff nach Asien 1: Das Dritte Reich und Niederländisch-Indien. Aufbau deutscher Marinestützpunkte. Eine Dokumentation, Band 1.”
- [6] Horst H. Geerken (2015). “Hitlers Griff nach Asien 2: Der Anfang vom Ende der Kolonialzeit. Deutsche Hilfe für Soekarnos Freiheitskämpfer und Indiens Subhas Chandra Bose. Eine Dokumentation, Band 2.”
- [7] J.P. Chrysostom (1946). “Won His George Cross in Malaya.” The Straits Times, June 2, 1946. Page 4.
- [8] Jayanta Gupta (2021). “In 1943, Netaji became India’s 1st Submariner.” The Times of India, October 25, 2023. Accessed on http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/80414977.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
- [9] Jochen Brennecke (1967). “Haie im Paradies: Der deutsche U-Boot-Krieg in Asiens Gewässern 1943-4.” 2002 Reprint.
- [10] Karl Dönitz (1959). “Zehn Jahre und zwanzig Tage.”
- [11] Kriegsmarine (1943). “Bericht über der Aufenthalt U 511 in Penang 16.7 bis 24.5.1943.” Pgs. 1-3. Original layover report of U-511.
- [12] Kriegsmarine (1943). “U511- 4th War Patrol.” Original Kriegstagebücher (War Diary) / Ship’s log of U-511.
- [13] Kriegsmarine (1943), “Penang”, Booklet issued to sailors stationed at Penang.
- [14] Lawrence Patterson. “Hitler’s Gray Wolves: U-Boats in the Indian Ocean.”
- [15] Nilanjana Sengupta (2012). “A Gentleman’s Word: The Legacy of Subhas Chandra Bose.”
- [16] Pinang Gazette and Straits Chronicle (1919), “Four U-Boats at Penang—Visit to U55”, 13 May 1919, pg. 5
- [17] Penang Shimbun (1943). “Indians Renew Pledge to Fight on Till Final Victory—Netaji’s Stirring Speech at Yesterday’s Memorable Gathering.” September 16, 1943.
- [18] Sidney Forrester Mashbir (1945). “Report No 676, Serial No 837—Interrogation of Survivors from The German U-Boat U-168.” March 26, 1945. National Archives and Records Administration (USA).
- [19] The Straits Times (1946). “POW Stories on Cell Walls.” October 13, 1946. Page 5.
- [20] Victor Rao (2023). “This Hyderabadi was sole companion of Netaji on his 90-day submarine voyage.” Deccan Chronicle, August 1, 2023.
- [21] Yogesh V Athawale (2015). “Indian National Army and its Tryst with Submarines.” Published in the “Naval War College Journal—2015.” Indian Navy.
- [22] 人名事典ひら~. The Naval Data Base. v1.18a. Accessed on October 27, 2023. http://hush.gooside.com/name/Biography/5281hira.html
Eugene Quah
is an independent researcher and writer who is working on a book tentatively called “Illustrated Guide to the North Coast of Penang”. He rediscovered the joys of writing after moving back to Penang from abroad.