Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) form the backbone of Penang’s manufacturing industry, yet many are still very much rooted in tradition, applying processes and practices of the preceding Industry 3.0 – automation, computers and electronics.The current industrial shift to Industry 4.0 directs focus to the creation of smart factories, enabled by data-driven technologies and the combination of cyber-physical systems, e.g. the Internet of Things (IOT) and the Internet of Systems (IOS), propelling the existing manufacturing landscape into a thriving new...
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