holds a Bachelor’s degree in Human Sciences from the International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM). His areas of interest encompass social history, intellectual history and political thought.
The roots of cindai can be traced back to the weft ikat technique introduced to the Malay world by Indian and Arab traders in the 14th or 15th century.
Exploring Bukit Kota and Bukit Indera Muda reveals overlooked traces of Kedahan political power and Sumatran connections on Penang’s mainland—linking Tunku Sulaiman’s legacy, ancient trade routes, and a deeper history of Malay settlements in Seberang Perai.